It was a miserably cold night, with bitter gusts of wind and a light snow even though it was the middle of April. And about an hour after sunset, things would get even worse. No one is entirely sure what caused the blaze. It might have been faulty wiring. Or a stove. But around 8 o’clock on that terrible night of April 19, 1904, a constable walking his beat in downtown Toronto spotted the first flames rising out of a necktie factory on Wellington Street just west of Bay (where the black towers of the Toronto-Dominion Centre stand now). As the officer rushed to sound the alarm, the flames spread quickly.

The aftermath of the Great Fire of Toronto (1904)

Within an hour, every firefighter in the city was desperately trying to contain the blaze. But they were losing the battle. Violent gusts of wind blew the water from their hoses off course. The spray froze in mid-air, coating everything with ice. Thick tangles of newly-installed telegraph, telephone and electrical wires made it impossible for ladders to reach the flames. Textile factories, book-sellers, paper supply companies and chemical manufacturers crowded the core of the city — they provided the perfect fuel. The firefighters were being blinded by smoke. The fire chief broke his leg, falling from a ladder. The April snow was joined by a constant rain of burning wood, broken glass, and ash.

Looking south from south of King St. West, between Yonge St. & York St. Advertisement

The flames tore through the heart of the city, moving south from Wellington all the way down to the Esplanade and east toward Yonge. Twenty acres of downtown Toronto — more than a hundred buildings — were on fire. You could see the glow of the flames for miles in every direction.

Bay St., east side, between Wellington & Melinda Steets, showing shop of H. F. Sharpe & Co., photographic goods

Mayor Urquhart sent urgent telegrams to other cities asking for help. And all through the night they came: firemen from Hamilton, London, Peterborough, Niagara Falls and Buffalo joining the fight. Within a few hours, there were two hundred and fifty of them pouring millions of litres of water on the flames. At the Evening Telegram offices on Bay Street, employees spent hours spraying water out the windows to save the building. At the Queen Hotel (which stood about where the Royal York does now), guests and employees organized bucket brigades, hung water-soaked blankets out of the windows and beat off the flames, saving the hotel and helping to stop the fire’s advance before it could cross Yonge Street.

Bay St., east side, looking south from north of Wellington St. West

Finally, not long before sunrise, nearly nine hours after it had started, the fire was out. One hundred and twenty-five businesses had been destroyed. Five thousand people were put out of work. More than ten million dollars worth of damage had been caused. Somehow, amazingly, no one had died.

The ruins smouldered for two more weeks, with smaller fires popping up and reigniting from time to time. The charred husks of the damaged buildings were dynamited and the rubble cleared out of the way. That’s when the Great Fire claimed its only life.

Bay Street looking north from just north of Front Street

Front and Yonge, with what’s now the Hockey Hall of Fame on the right

Front St. West, looking east from Bay St.

Front Street west of Bay

Front Street west of Yonge

Front Street West, looking east from Bay Street

Looking east on Wellington west of Bay

Looking north up Bay Street

Looking north up Bay Street

Looking north up Bay Street

Looking south on Bay north of Wellington

Looking southwest from the top of Toronto Telegram Building

Looking west along Front Street West from Yonge Street

Looking west on Wellington Street from Jordon Street

South-west of Wellington & Bay

The ruins of aftermath of Great Toronto Fire

The ruins of aftermath of Great Toronto Fire

Wellington St., south side, east from Bay St.

West side of Bay Street looking south from Melinda Street